大自然影响了许多元元素算法。在过去的几十年中,它们的数量一直在升级。这些算法中的大多数试图模仿自然的生物学和物理现象。这项研究集中在花授粉算法上,该算法是几种生物启发的算法之一。建议使用特定的全球授粉和局部授粉策略,建议在限制空间中进行花粉谷物探索和剥削。作为一种“群”元元素算法,其强度在于找到最佳解决方案的附近,而不是识别最小值。这项工作详细介绍了对原始方法的修改。这项研究发现,通过更改“开关概率”的特定值,具有不同尺寸和功能的动态值,结果主要比原始花授粉法改进。
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Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.
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Handwriting Recognition has been a field of great interest in the Artificial Intelligence domain. Due to its broad use cases in real life, research has been conducted widely on it. Prominent work has been done in this field focusing mainly on Latin characters. However, the domain of Arabic handwritten character recognition is still relatively unexplored. The inherent cursive nature of the Arabic characters and variations in writing styles across individuals makes the task even more challenging. We identified some probable reasons behind this and proposed a lightweight Convolutional Neural Network-based architecture for recognizing Arabic characters and digits. The proposed pipeline consists of a total of 18 layers containing four layers each for convolution, pooling, batch normalization, dropout, and finally one Global average pooling and a Dense layer. Furthermore, we thoroughly investigated the different choices of hyperparameters such as the choice of the optimizer, kernel initializer, activation function, etc. Evaluating the proposed architecture on the publicly available 'Arabic Handwritten Character Dataset (AHCD)' and 'Modified Arabic handwritten digits Database (MadBase)' datasets, the proposed model respectively achieved an accuracy of 96.93% and 99.35% which is comparable to the state-of-the-art and makes it a suitable solution for real-life end-level applications.
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Textual entailment recognition is one of the basic natural language understanding(NLU) tasks. Understanding the meaning of sentences is a prerequisite before applying any natural language processing(NLP) techniques to automatically recognize the textual entailment. A text entails a hypothesis if and only if the true value of the hypothesis follows the text. Classical approaches generally utilize the feature value of each word from word embedding to represent the sentences. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to identifying the textual entailment relationship between text and hypothesis, thereby introducing a new semantic feature focusing on empirical threshold-based semantic text representation. We employ an element-wise Manhattan distance vector-based feature that can identify the semantic entailment relationship between the text-hypothesis pair. We carried out several experiments on a benchmark entailment classification(SICK-RTE) dataset. We train several machine learning(ML) algorithms applying both semantic and lexical features to classify the text-hypothesis pair as entailment, neutral, or contradiction. Our empirical sentence representation technique enriches the semantic information of the texts and hypotheses found to be more efficient than the classical ones. In the end, our approach significantly outperforms known methods in understanding the meaning of the sentences for the textual entailment classification task.
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目标:探索深度学习算法进一步简化和优化尿道板(UP)质量评估的能力,使用板客观评分工具(POST),旨在提高Hypospadias修复中提高评估的客观性和可重复性。方法:五个关键的邮政地标是由专家在691图像数据集中的专家标记,该数据集接受了原发性杂质修复的青春期前男孩。然后,该数据集用于开发和验证基于深度学习的地标检测模型。提出的框架始于瞥见和检测,其中输入图像是使用预测的边界框裁剪的。接下来,使用深层卷积神经网络(CNN)体系结构来预测五个邮政标记的坐标。然后,这些预测的地标用于评估远端催化性远端的质量。结果:所提出的模型准确地定位了gan区域,平均平均精度(地图)为99.5%,总体灵敏度为99.1%。在预测地标的坐标时,达到了0.07152的归一化平均误差(NME),平均平方误差(MSE)为0.001,在0.1 nme的阈值下为20.2%的故障率。结论:此深度学习应用程序在使用邮政评估质量时表现出鲁棒性和高精度。使用国际多中心基于图像的数据库进行进一步评估。外部验证可以使深度学习算法受益,并导致更好的评估,决策和对手术结果的预测。
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由于它们在建模复杂的问题和处理高维数据集的有效性,因此已显示深神网络(DNN)在广泛的应用领域中的传统机器学习算法优于传统的机器学习算法。但是,许多现实生活数据集具有越来越高的维度,其中大量功能可能与手头的任务无关。包含此类功能不仅会引入不必要的噪声,还会提高计算复杂性。此外,由于许多特征之间的非线性和依赖性高,DNN模型往往不可避免地是不透明的,并且被视为黑盒方法,因为它们的内部功能不佳。解释良好的模型可以识别具有统计学意义的特征,并解释其影响模型结果的方式。在本文中,我们提出了一种有效的方法,可以在高维数据集的情况下提高黑框模型的分类任务。为此,我们首先在高维数据集上训练黑框模型,以了解执行分类的嵌入。为了分解黑框模型的内部工作原理并确定TOP-K重要特征,我们采用了不同的探测和扰动技术。然后,我们通过在TOP-K特征空间上通过可解释的替代模型来近似黑框模型的行为。最后,我们从替代模型中得出决策规则和本地解释,以解释个人决策。当在不同数据集上测试,尺寸在50到20,000之间的不同数据集上进行测试时,我们的方法优于最先进的方法,例如TABNET,XGBOOST和基于Shap的可解释性技术。
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孟加拉语键入大多是使用英语键盘进行的,并且由于存在化合物和类似明显的字母,因此可能是错误的。拼写错误的单词的拼写校正需要了解单词键入模式以及用法一词的上下文。我们提出了一个专业的BERT模型,Bspell针对词校正句子级别。Bspell包含一个可训练的CNN子模型,名为Semanticnet以及专门的辅助损失。这使得Bspell在存在拼写错误的情况下专门研究高度易转的孟加拉词汇。我们进一步提出了将单词级别和字符水平掩蔽组合的混合预读方案。利用这种预审前的方案,BSPELL在现实生活中的孟加拉语拼写校正验证设置中实现了91.5%的准确性。对两个孟加拉语和一个印地语拼写校正数据集进行了详细比较,显示了拟议的Bspell优于现有咒语检查器的优势。
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在本文中,我们分析了数据新鲜度对实时监督学习的影响,在该学习中,对神经网络进行了培训,可以根据功能(例如,视频框架)推断出时间变化的目标(例如,车辆在前面的位置) )在传感节点(例如,相机或激光雷达)上观察到。人们可能会期望随着功能变得陈旧,实时监督学习的表现会单调地降低。使用信息理论分析,我们表明,如果特征和目标数据序列可以与马尔可夫链紧密接近,这是正确的。如果数据序列远非马克维亚人,那是不正确的。因此,实时监督学习的预测错误是信息时代(AOI)的函数,该函数可能是非单调的。进行了几项实验,以说明预测误差的单调和非单调行为。为了最大程度地减少实时的推理误差,我们提出了一种用于发送功能的新“选择 - 逃避器”模型,该模型比早期研究中使用的“生成意志”模型更一般。通过使用Gittins和Whittle索引,开发了低复杂性调度策略来最大程度地减少推理误差,在此发现Gittins索引理论与信息时代(AOI)之间的新联系最小化。这些调度结果(i)可将一般AOI函数(单调或非单调)和(ii)最小化,以最大程度地减少一般特征传输时间分布。提出了数据驱动的评估,以说明提出的调度算法的好处。
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正如GPT-3和T5所证明的那样,随着参数空间变得越来越大,变压器具有能力。但是,对于需要大量知识的任务,非参数存储器允许模型在计算成本和GPU内存需求的次线性增加中急剧增长。诸如RAG和Realm之类的最新模型已将检索引入条件生成。这些模型结合了从一系列语料库中的神经初始检索。我们基于这一研究,提出了RE2G,该研究将神经初始检索和重新融合到基于巴特的序列到序列的生成中。我们的阅读方法还允许从无与伦比分数的来源合并结果,从而实现BM25和神经初始检索的合奏。为了训练我们的系统端到端,我们引入了一种新颖的知识蒸馏变体,以在目标序列输出上仅使用地面真理来训练初始检索,重读者和生成。我们在四个不同的任务中发现了很大的收益:零击插槽填充,问答,事实检查和对话,相对增长了9%至34%,比以前的苏格兰短裙排行榜上的最先前的排行榜相比。我们将代码作为开源提供,网址为https://github.com/ibm/kgi-slot-filling/tree/re2g。
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研究部门在组织中推动创新的重要作用。随着速度和量的信息增长,绘制见解,跟随趋势,保持新的研究以及制定策略的配制策略越来越越来越具有挑战性。在本文中,我们介绍了一个用例,即公司研究界如何利用语义网络技术来诱导从结构化和文本数据中诱导统一的知识图,通过整合与研究项目相关的社区使用的各种应用程序,学术论文,学术论文,数据集,成就和认可。为了使应用程序开发人员更容易访问知识图,我们确定了一组通用模式,用于利用诱导的知识并将其视为API。这些模式是从用户研究中诞生的,这些模式确定了最有价值的用例或用户疼痛点要缓解。我们概述了两个不同的方案:用于业务使用的建议和分析。我们将详细讨论这些方案,并针对实体建议提供经验评估。所使用的方法和从这项工作中学到的教训可以应用于面临类似挑战的其他组织。
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